These early wargames were not taken seriously by the military because they were not realistic enough. They were derivatives of chess, but the pieces represented real military units (cavalry, infantry, artillery, etc.) and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain. The earliest wargames were invented in the German states around the turn of the 19th century. 4 Verdy du Vernois' flexible approach (1876)īy definition, a " wargame" is a strategy game that attempts to realistically represent warfare.1.6 The spread of wargaming beyond Germany.1.4 Kriegsspiel after Reisswitz Jr.'s death.The outcomes of combat are determined by mathematical calculations. The umpire will then read these orders and move the blocks across the map according to how he judges the imaginary troops would interpret and execute their orders. The players command their troops by writing their orders on paper and giving them to the umpire. Each block represents some kind of troop formation, such as an artillery battery or a cavalry squadron. Each team is given command of an imaginary army, which is represented on the map using little painted blocks. Most forms of Kriegsspiel involve at least two teams of players and one umpire gathered around a map. After Prussia's impressive victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, other countries swiftly began designing Kriegsspiel-like wargames for their own armies. It is characterized by high realism, an emphasis on the experience of decision-making rather than on competition, and the use of an umpire to keep the rules flexible. Kriegsspiel was the first wargaming system to have been adopted by a military organization as a serious tool for training and research. The word Kriegsspiel literally means "wargame" in German, but in the context of the English language it refers specifically to the wargames developed by the Prussian army in the 19th century. Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed by the Prussian army in the 19th century to teach battlefield tactics to officers.
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